Este texto já foi publicado aqui no Blog. Trata-se do "Bem comum, o Humanismo e os Direitos Humanos". Porém, dado o grande acesso verificado de leitores dos Estados Unidos da América, tomo a liberdade de reapresentar o mesmo texto em idioma inglês. Peço perdão pela tradução não tão perfeita.The theme set in the analysis is complex. 03 denotes divisions: the common good, humanism and human rights. Taken together, our task would probably be easier and is more comprehensive understanding. In the message of World Day of Peace on January 1, 1999, Pope John Paul II made the following comments:"On the occasion of World Day of Peace, let me share with you my conviction: when the promotion of human dignity is the guiding principle that inspires us, when the search for the common good is the overriding commitment, are to be placed solid foundations and for building lasting peace. In contrast, when human rights are ignored or neglected, when the demand for private interests unjustly prevails over the common good, then inevitably is to sow the seeds of instability, rebellion and violence. "
Humanism is a doctrine that arises explicitly anthropocentric perspective, looks at the man as the center of humanity. The first references about humanism emerged in antiquity, in ancient Greece. Socrates, for example, based all their ideas in human affairs, drawing on the best way of life for man. The man only act evil in ignorance. Unlike the Sophists, Socrates believed that the ability to discern right from wrong was the reason most people and in society.
Christian humanism is nothing more than unconditional respect for human integrity, in every sense: physical, mental and spiritual. Jacques Maritain teaches that the promotion of humanism is the development of the whole man and all men.Paul VI, inspired by the thought of Maritain developed Populorum Progressio.Humanism is the rescue of the human context, respect for the man in the entire whole, throughout their training.
The Stoics claimed that the demand for a morality should be done through observation of nature, to find the universal justice, found in natural laws and that would be understandable by all men, and human laws would be mere symmetry of natural law. The concept of humanism as a concept in which man occupies a central point in philosophical terms, that was first made by Cicero, who uttered the famous phrase humanist "to humanity, humanity is sacred."
In the Renaissance, the humanist idea takes a somewhat different direction. This raises the importance of living life with gusto. Leonardo da Vinci depicted the human race several times - became the central theme of his work, as the picture of the Last Supper, The Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, among others.
Important thought of Jacques Maritain for humanism, in "Integral Humanism":
"Humanism (...) essentially tends to make man more truly human, and express their original grandeur making him participate in anything that can enrich it in the nature and history (the world focusing on man and man dilating the world), it requires at the same time, that man develops the virtues contained in it, their creative forces of reason and life, and work to be done, the forces of the physical world, an instrument of their freedom. "
Humanism describes and interprets social reality, reflecting on the causes that led to his appearing and demand, from an analysis of the nature of man. This comes amid an earthly reality, a reality which did not opt for this. Thus, the human being is born into a social world where, before he and the manifestation of his self, as is physical and spiritual suffering that entails. Man is to seek solutions to resolve the aggressive factors that cause such vices. It is the man with the ability to choose, freedom and allows you between good and evil. This is also known as free will.The evil that permeates the world is manifested from the moment when the man denies the natural liberty of his fellow humans by manipulating their free essence in order to satisfy their personal interests over the common good.
Since the common good is nothing more than seeking the good of all men, all members of the human race, the human race. Humanism recognizes the conditions of oppression that some humans settled in the world and see the need for a social ethic, a fight against the causes of this oppression that cause suffering in humans. The search for all human activity is good. In Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", teaches that "Every art and every inquiry, and every action and every purpose, aim at some good."
As Gabriel Chalita teaches in "The Ten Commandments of Ethics", the purpose is good ethics, and discipline that the means to achieve good. The real aim of society is their common good, the common good of the social body, of human persons. This common good is the good life of the social whole, each being composed of matter and spirit.
The common good of a particular human group is their communion in good living, and is common to all parties. On pain of going against nature, the common good requires the recognition of fundamental human rights, and holds as a core value of access to higher likelihood of people to freedom intrinsic to each one to expand and evolve, as well as the manifestations of and which in turn comes from there and communicate. Comes from there, a first essential character of the common good, where this implies a redistribution to people and assist their development.The second basic point of the common good in society establishes its authority.
For the common good is available to all human beings, it is necessary that some entities, in particular, are endowed with authority to lead people toward this common good. This authority, invested with power by the people themselves, must seek the good of all. The final aspect concerns the intrinsic morality of the common good, which is characterized by uprightness of life and human integrity.
As extracted from Gabriel Chalita, justice and moral duty are fundamental to the existence of the common good, thus requiring the development of the virtues in human beings, and this time, every political act is unjust and immoral by nature, injurious to the common good and politically bad.
For Integral Humanism of Jacques Maritain, the philosophical basis of human rights is in its nature and is only possible if they understand these as expressions of natural law, grounded in human dignity, these rights established in a hierarchy, with the primary right of man to life.
Human rights are institutionalized set of rights and guarantees of human beings whose purpose is the basic respect for their dignity through their protection against arbitrary state power, and the establishment of minimum conditions of life and development of human personality, explicit as Alexandre de Moraes, in "Fundamental Human Rights."
Define human rights is an arduous task. And even if we succeed, will always be missing something. Human rights are, by nature, dynamic. Preserving the dignity of the human person is the main task of human rights.
José Castan Toben, quoted by Alexandre de Moraes, defines human rights as "those fundamental human rights, considered in both its individual and communal, that correspond to this because of its very nature (essence of body at the same time, spiritual and social) that must be recognized and respected by all power and authority, including the positive legal norms, yielding, however, in its exercise to the demands of the common good. "
In short, Christianity is to profess equality among men, determined to create a community spirit among the people, the duty to help and mutual respect and the recognition that every man is a person.From the Canon Law, civilized humanity is to lead to the realization that man can not be considered subject property. Over time, each nation was adopting a law according to the specific reality, but also incorporating the rights that have been achievements of humanity as a whole, as universal human rights and universal principles of human rights are those that can be accepted by all cultures.
With the advent of the period known as the Enlightenment, is expanding the notion of human rights and freedoms. Begins to move towards legal equality of human beings. And from the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776, is the first expression of rights, declaring independence for a new government being formed by the colonies united under the principle that tyranny is inadequate to the government of a free people.
Following the U.S. statement, the French Revolution proclaimed that all men are born and remain free and equal in rights, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This declaration affirmed the principles of equality and individual freedom, equality and civil tax, exemption from arbitrary arrest, freedom of speech and press, and the right to private property. In 1791, two years after the fall of the Bastille and based on these principles, France eventually abolish slavery black. It enshrines the principle that every man is a subject of rights and obligations.
Given the terrible human rights violations that occurred during World War II and the conclusion that the protection of these rights could not be restricted to the sphere of each State, the United Nations in 1948, described the meaning of human rights with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, list of rights that has been adopted by the internal law of some Western states, including Brazil, whose constitution promulgated in 1988 has the dignity of the human person as the basis of their fundamental rights and guarantees.
Aproveitamo us again the words of Pope John Paul II:
"The dignity of the human person is a transcendent value, always recognized as such by all those who sincerely search for truth. In fact, the whole of human history should be interpreted in the light of this certainty. Each person created in the image and likeness of God (cf. Gen 1: 26-28) and therefore radically oriented towards the Creator, is constantly in relationship with those possessed of the same dignity. Thus, the promotion of good of the individual with the service to the common good, when the rights and duties converge and reinforce each other. "
And follows: "The defense of the universality and indivisibility of human rights is essential to building a peaceful society and for the integral development of individuals, peoples and nations. The universality and indivisibility of this statement does not exclude, in fact, legitimate differences of cultural and political activities of the various rights provided that you meet in each case the levels set by the Universal Declaration for all humanity. ""The breakneck race to the globalization of economic and financial systems makes clear the urgent need to establish who must ensure the global common good and the performance of economic and social rights. Is that the free market by itself, can not do it, since there are many human needs which, in fact, have no access to the market. "Even before the logic of exchange of equivalents and forms of justice appropriate to it, there is something that is due to man because man, by virtue of his lofty dignity". "
Finally, through the humanistic studies and its improvement, it was what we today call human rights, which has no other aim than the pursuit of the common good, endorsed by making the protection and human dignity.
Humanism is a doctrine that arises explicitly anthropocentric perspective, looks at the man as the center of humanity. The first references about humanism emerged in antiquity, in ancient Greece. Socrates, for example, based all their ideas in human affairs, drawing on the best way of life for man. The man only act evil in ignorance. Unlike the Sophists, Socrates believed that the ability to discern right from wrong was the reason most people and in society.
Christian humanism is nothing more than unconditional respect for human integrity, in every sense: physical, mental and spiritual. Jacques Maritain teaches that the promotion of humanism is the development of the whole man and all men.Paul VI, inspired by the thought of Maritain developed Populorum Progressio.Humanism is the rescue of the human context, respect for the man in the entire whole, throughout their training.
The Stoics claimed that the demand for a morality should be done through observation of nature, to find the universal justice, found in natural laws and that would be understandable by all men, and human laws would be mere symmetry of natural law. The concept of humanism as a concept in which man occupies a central point in philosophical terms, that was first made by Cicero, who uttered the famous phrase humanist "to humanity, humanity is sacred."
In the Renaissance, the humanist idea takes a somewhat different direction. This raises the importance of living life with gusto. Leonardo da Vinci depicted the human race several times - became the central theme of his work, as the picture of the Last Supper, The Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, among others.
Important thought of Jacques Maritain for humanism, in "Integral Humanism":
"Humanism (...) essentially tends to make man more truly human, and express their original grandeur making him participate in anything that can enrich it in the nature and history (the world focusing on man and man dilating the world), it requires at the same time, that man develops the virtues contained in it, their creative forces of reason and life, and work to be done, the forces of the physical world, an instrument of their freedom. "
Humanism describes and interprets social reality, reflecting on the causes that led to his appearing and demand, from an analysis of the nature of man. This comes amid an earthly reality, a reality which did not opt for this. Thus, the human being is born into a social world where, before he and the manifestation of his self, as is physical and spiritual suffering that entails. Man is to seek solutions to resolve the aggressive factors that cause such vices. It is the man with the ability to choose, freedom and allows you between good and evil. This is also known as free will.The evil that permeates the world is manifested from the moment when the man denies the natural liberty of his fellow humans by manipulating their free essence in order to satisfy their personal interests over the common good.
Since the common good is nothing more than seeking the good of all men, all members of the human race, the human race. Humanism recognizes the conditions of oppression that some humans settled in the world and see the need for a social ethic, a fight against the causes of this oppression that cause suffering in humans. The search for all human activity is good. In Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", teaches that "Every art and every inquiry, and every action and every purpose, aim at some good."
As Gabriel Chalita teaches in "The Ten Commandments of Ethics", the purpose is good ethics, and discipline that the means to achieve good. The real aim of society is their common good, the common good of the social body, of human persons. This common good is the good life of the social whole, each being composed of matter and spirit.
The common good of a particular human group is their communion in good living, and is common to all parties. On pain of going against nature, the common good requires the recognition of fundamental human rights, and holds as a core value of access to higher likelihood of people to freedom intrinsic to each one to expand and evolve, as well as the manifestations of and which in turn comes from there and communicate. Comes from there, a first essential character of the common good, where this implies a redistribution to people and assist their development.The second basic point of the common good in society establishes its authority.
For the common good is available to all human beings, it is necessary that some entities, in particular, are endowed with authority to lead people toward this common good. This authority, invested with power by the people themselves, must seek the good of all. The final aspect concerns the intrinsic morality of the common good, which is characterized by uprightness of life and human integrity.
As extracted from Gabriel Chalita, justice and moral duty are fundamental to the existence of the common good, thus requiring the development of the virtues in human beings, and this time, every political act is unjust and immoral by nature, injurious to the common good and politically bad.
For Integral Humanism of Jacques Maritain, the philosophical basis of human rights is in its nature and is only possible if they understand these as expressions of natural law, grounded in human dignity, these rights established in a hierarchy, with the primary right of man to life.
Human rights are institutionalized set of rights and guarantees of human beings whose purpose is the basic respect for their dignity through their protection against arbitrary state power, and the establishment of minimum conditions of life and development of human personality, explicit as Alexandre de Moraes, in "Fundamental Human Rights."
Define human rights is an arduous task. And even if we succeed, will always be missing something. Human rights are, by nature, dynamic. Preserving the dignity of the human person is the main task of human rights.
José Castan Toben, quoted by Alexandre de Moraes, defines human rights as "those fundamental human rights, considered in both its individual and communal, that correspond to this because of its very nature (essence of body at the same time, spiritual and social) that must be recognized and respected by all power and authority, including the positive legal norms, yielding, however, in its exercise to the demands of the common good. "
In short, Christianity is to profess equality among men, determined to create a community spirit among the people, the duty to help and mutual respect and the recognition that every man is a person.From the Canon Law, civilized humanity is to lead to the realization that man can not be considered subject property. Over time, each nation was adopting a law according to the specific reality, but also incorporating the rights that have been achievements of humanity as a whole, as universal human rights and universal principles of human rights are those that can be accepted by all cultures.
With the advent of the period known as the Enlightenment, is expanding the notion of human rights and freedoms. Begins to move towards legal equality of human beings. And from the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776, is the first expression of rights, declaring independence for a new government being formed by the colonies united under the principle that tyranny is inadequate to the government of a free people.
Following the U.S. statement, the French Revolution proclaimed that all men are born and remain free and equal in rights, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This declaration affirmed the principles of equality and individual freedom, equality and civil tax, exemption from arbitrary arrest, freedom of speech and press, and the right to private property. In 1791, two years after the fall of the Bastille and based on these principles, France eventually abolish slavery black. It enshrines the principle that every man is a subject of rights and obligations.
Given the terrible human rights violations that occurred during World War II and the conclusion that the protection of these rights could not be restricted to the sphere of each State, the United Nations in 1948, described the meaning of human rights with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, list of rights that has been adopted by the internal law of some Western states, including Brazil, whose constitution promulgated in 1988 has the dignity of the human person as the basis of their fundamental rights and guarantees.
Aproveitamo us again the words of Pope John Paul II:
"The dignity of the human person is a transcendent value, always recognized as such by all those who sincerely search for truth. In fact, the whole of human history should be interpreted in the light of this certainty. Each person created in the image and likeness of God (cf. Gen 1: 26-28) and therefore radically oriented towards the Creator, is constantly in relationship with those possessed of the same dignity. Thus, the promotion of good of the individual with the service to the common good, when the rights and duties converge and reinforce each other. "
And follows: "The defense of the universality and indivisibility of human rights is essential to building a peaceful society and for the integral development of individuals, peoples and nations. The universality and indivisibility of this statement does not exclude, in fact, legitimate differences of cultural and political activities of the various rights provided that you meet in each case the levels set by the Universal Declaration for all humanity. ""The breakneck race to the globalization of economic and financial systems makes clear the urgent need to establish who must ensure the global common good and the performance of economic and social rights. Is that the free market by itself, can not do it, since there are many human needs which, in fact, have no access to the market. "Even before the logic of exchange of equivalents and forms of justice appropriate to it, there is something that is due to man because man, by virtue of his lofty dignity". "
Finally, through the humanistic studies and its improvement, it was what we today call human rights, which has no other aim than the pursuit of the common good, endorsed by making the protection and human dignity.
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